Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Talk about Quasi-Experimental Designs - Coursework Example Various standard plan varies from an inversion structure in that the different gauge configuration quantifies numerous factors preceding and after a treatment while an inversion configuration (otherwise called ABAB configuration) is a sort of single-case exploratory plan which can just quantify a solitary case. Also, in Multiple-gauge plan, treatment is regularly acquainted with a various number of individuals at various stretches. Semi tests have various focal points just as possible shortcomings. A portion of the significant points of interest of semi tests incorporate more noteworthy legitimacy (as it includes all the more true conditions) and fundamentally considerably more plausibility given strategic and time limitations (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). Then again, the shortcomings of semi tests incorporate less controlled factors, and absence of irregularity. The nonattendance of randomization is a principal shortcoming as it can prompt more vulnerable proof by making. This shortcoming doesn't generally make a difference as long as it is perceived as semi test offers an incredible examination apparatus particularly in territories where genuine investigations may not be possible. Truly, when members are arbitrarily doled out to gatherings, it is expected that the gatherings are proportionate toward the start of the examination. This is especially ascribed to the irregularity of the choice. In any case, the members in the long run got nonequivalent toward the end due to the researcher’s absence of command over the chose members for ach gathering. This might be unraveled by utilizing pretests and covariance test plans. The specific results of a given report can be utilized to viably propose that a danger is probably going to have been available incorporate covariation, worldly priority just as the nearness of other conceivable elective clarification for the exploration results may uncover a danger to the legitimacy of the examination. a. Non-identical benchmark group pretest just: Involves contrasting the treatment and examination

The Chaldean Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II

The Chaldean Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II Name: Nabã »-kudurri-uåÿur in Akkadian (implies Nabã » ensure my youngster) or NebuchadnezzarImportant Dates: r. 605-562 B.C.Occupation: Monarch Distinguishing strength Pulverized the sanctuary of Solomon and began the Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews. Ruler Nebuchadnezzar II was the child of Nabopolassar (Belesys, to Hellenistic essayists), who originated from the Marduk-revering Kaldu clans living in the extraordinary southern piece of Babylonia. Nabopolassar began the Chaldean time frame (626-539 B.C.) by reestablishing Babylonian freedom, following the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 605. Nebuchadnezzar was the most acclaimed and significant ruler of the Second Babylonian (or Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean) Empire, which tumbled to the Persian incredible lord Cyrus the Great in 539 B.C. Achievements of Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar renovated old strict landmarks and improved waterways, as other Babylonian lords had done. He was the principal Babylonian ruler to run Egypt, and controlled a domain that reached out to Lydia, however his most popular achievement was his royal residence - a spot utilized for regulatory, strict, stylized, just as private purposes particularly the amazing Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the 7 miracles of the antiquated world. Babylon, as well, lies in a plain; and the circuit of its divider is 300 and eighty-five stadia. The thickness of its divider is thirty-two feet; the stature thereof between the towers is fifty cubits;9 that of the towers is sixty ​cubits; and the entry on the divider is with the end goal that four-horse chariots can without much of a stretch pass each other; and it is on this record this and the hanging garden are called one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Strabo Geography Book XVI, Chapter 1There were in it additionally a few fake shakes, that had the similarity of mountains; with nurseries of a wide range of plants, and a sort of hanging garden suspended noticeable all around by a most commendable creation. This was to satisfy his significant other, who, being brought operation in Media, among the slopes, and in the natural air, discovered alleviation from such a prospect.Thus composes Berosus [c. 280 B.C.] regarding the king....Josephus In Answer to Appion Book II Building Projects The Hanging Gardens were on a porch bolstered by block curves. Nebuchadnezzars building ventures included encompassing his capital city with a twofold divider 10-miles in length with a detailed section called the Ishtar Gate. 3] On the top, along the edges of the divider, they constructed places of a solitary room, confronting one another, with space enough between to drive a four-horse chariot. There are a hundred doors in the circuit of the divider, the entirety of bronze, with posts and lintels of the same.Herodotus The Histories Book I.179.3These dividers are the citys external defensive layer; inside them there is another circling divider, close to as solid as the other, yet narrower.Herodotus The Histories Book I.181.1 He additionally manufactured a port on the Persian Gulf. Victories Nebuchadnezzar crushed the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho at Carchemish in 605. In 597, he caught Jerusalem, removed King Jehoiakim, and put Zedekiah on the seat. Many driving Hebrew families were banished right now. Nebuchadnezzar crushed the Cimmerians and Scythians [see Tribes of the Steppes] and afterward turned west, once more, vanquishing Western Syria and decimating Jerusalem, including the Temple of Solomon, in 586. He put down an insubordination under Zedekiah, whom he had introduced, and ousted progressively Hebrew families. He took the occupants of Jerusalem prisoner and carried them to Babylon, for which reason this period in Biblical history is alluded to as the Babylonian imprisonment. Otherwise called: Nebuchadnezzar the GreatAlternate Spellings: Nabu-kudurri-usur, Nebuchadrezzar, Nabuchodonosor Extra Resources Hotspots for Nebuchadnezzar incorporate different books of the Bible (e.g., Ezekial and Daniel) and Berosus (Hellenistic Babylonian author). His many structure ventures give archeological record, remembering composed records of his achievements for the zone of respecting the divine beings with sanctuary upkeep. Official records give chiefly dry, point by point narrative. Sources Seat of Kingship/A Wonder to Behold: The Palace as Construct in the Ancient close to East, by Irene J. Winter; Ars Orientalis Vol. 23, Pre-Modern Islamic Palaces (1993), pp. 27-55.Nebuchadnezzar King of Justice, by W. G. Lambert; Iraq Vol. 27, No. 1 (Spring, 1965), pp. 1-1Images of Nebuchadnezzar: the development of a ​legend,, by Ronald Herbert Sack

Unit 242 It Security for Users

[242] IT security for clients [242. 1] Select and utilize fitting strategies to limit security hazard to IT frameworks and information Assessment Criteria | 1. 1|  | Describe the security gives that may undermine framework performanceThe potential dangers to framework execution might be: undesirable email (‘spam’), malignant projects (counting infections, trojans) and hackers.Security safeguards can be taken previously, for example, utilization of access controls. We can design against infection programming, change firewall settings, modify web security settings; reinforcement; store individual information and programming securely; treat messages, records, programming and connections from obscure sources with alert; download security programming refreshes. |  | | 1. |  | Describe the dangers to framework and data security and integrityThe potential dangers to data security might be: from burglary, unapproved get to, unplanned document erasure, utilization of remova ble stockpiling media; noxious projects (counting infections, trojans), programmers, phishing and wholesale fraud; unbound and open systems, default passwords and settings, remote systems, Bluetooth, compact and USB gadgets. |  | 1. |  | Keep data make sure about and oversee individual access to data sources securelyProtect frameworks and information: Access controls: Physical controls: sign in subtleties ought to be treated as charge card data and not to be left lying anyplace with a simple access, locks, passwords, get to levels. |  | 1. 5|  | Describe approaches to ensure equipment, programming and information and limit security riskThere are steps to forestall dangers to framework and data: access to data sources ought to be permitted with Username and secret phrase/PIN selection.The framework set up on secret key quality; how and when to change passwords (month to month); online character/profile; Real name, pen name; individual data to incorporate, who can see the data ; Respect classification, maintain a strategic distance from unseemly divulgence of data. |  | | 1. 7|  | Describe why it is imperative to reinforcement information and how to do so securelyData reinforcement includes the putting away of records from your PC in another area. Thusly, if there is ever any loss of information on your essential machine, you despite everything have your information in reinforcement so as to reestablish those records. Peruse this Chapter 2 †Why Security is NeededIn request to keep up the honesty of put away information, venture information ought to be shielded from physical harm just as from altering, misfortune, or robbery. This is best done by constraining access to the information. Director ought to choose which individuals are approved to get to and deal with the put away information. Journals or polls ought to be kept together in a protected, secure area away from community, e. g. , a bolted file organizer. Protection and obscurity can be guaranteed by supplanting names and other data with encoded identifiers, with the encoding key kept in an alternate secure location.Ultimately, the most ideal approach to ensure information might be to completely instruct all individuals from the group about information assurance methods. As a method of security information and secret data in Trust Royal Marsden Hospital there is required Information Governance preparing yearly for each representative . Burglary and hacking are specific worries with electronic information. Many research ventures include the assortment and upkeep of human subjects information and other private records that could turn into the objective of hackers.The expenses of repeating, reestablishing, or supplanting taken information and the length of recuperation time in case of a burglary feature the requirement for ensuring the PC framework and the honesty of the information. Electronic information can be ensured by playing it safe: * Protecting access to information. * Protecting your framework by staying up with the latest programming and if utilizing association with the Internet, utilize a firewall. * consistently back up electronic information documents and make both hard and delicate copies.Data stockpiling and reinforcement is significant in light of the fact that: * Properly putting away information is an approach to shield your data. * Data may should be gotten to later on. * |  | 1. 8|  | Sele ct and utilize successful reinforcement techniques for frameworks and dataTo have a viable back up you should make a strategy for how you will back up information and reestablish your information on account of misfortune. You should have an arrangement set up that subtleties the means to take when a crisis circumstance happens. You should get ready for every conceivable sort of debacle and how you would recuperate from it.You will likewise need to conclude who is answerable for reestablishing documents and which records have most elevated need, and have a correspondence intend to keep everybody educated regarding the rebuilding procedure. At my work environment there is an after methodology set up: every worker has been made an individual U: drive to store secret data which can be gotten to by signing in with separately made moniker and secret word (that requires change month to month). Also, on every PC every representative can perform under Microsoft framework devices †back u p which can be put away on a server. In future the sponsored up information can without much of a stretch be reestablished if necessary. |

Apples pies as a totem food and its impact on American Health Annotated Bibliography

Apples pies as a totem food and its effect on American Health - Annotated Bibliography Example The book is helpful to an assortment of individuals including voyagers, culinary specialists, and anybody ready to utilize the plans at home. The Thorndike press distributed the book in 2007. It has one hundred and ninety two pages. John T Edge is able to give data on this article since he holds a bosses degree in southern investigations from college of Mississippi. He is additionally the chief of southern food ways partnership and a contributing supervisor at gourmet. The source gives data about how crusty fruit-filled treat has influenced wellbeing in Americans since it starts from the historical backdrop of crusty fruit-filled treat and its effect by and large on the local and ethnical America. The source anyway is restricted on the grounds that it more inclined towards the southerners and the data is short, and not given in subtleties. The following source is Food Fight: within story of the food business, America’s stoutness emergency, and what can be done. Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen composed this book. The book examines the reasons why corpulence particularly in youngsters is on the ascent. It additionally talks about the dietary patterns of American youngsters, and how they lead to weight. It further gives recommendations on what individuals ought to do to lessen heftiness in kids. McGraw-slope proficient distributers distributed the source in 2004. The book has 300 and fifty six pages with various sub themes that examine food propensity, nourishment and its effect. Kelly Brownell is able to give data on this theme since he has a PhD in nourishment and weight issue. He is additionally a chief of the Yale community for eating and weight issue. Katherine Battle Horgan is additionally a teacher in a similar field and collaborator at the Yale community for eating and weight issue. The article can be utilized to address the dietary patterns of American youngsters. Their utilization of a lot of quick nourishments including crusty fruit-filled treats and how these quick nourishments lead to corpulence. It likewise gives arrangements on the best way to stop utilization of cheap food to

Tribulations of a Naturalist Essays - Knowledge, Epistemology

Tribulations of a Naturalist Regardless; was not my breathtaking salary expected to cover everything, nourishment for the psyche just as nourishment for the body? Jean Henri Fabre composes this line in his Tribulations of a Naturalist, talking about the matter of information being vital for human life. Man wants to comprehend his environmental factors and is the main animal who wants to acquire information. All through time, mankind has continually strived to extend its information, continually perusing and composing on what we know and don't have a clue. From stone age man to researcher, people have increased a universe of information through their hunger for data are still a long way from knowing it all. Individuals spend whole lifetimes attempting to comprehend the inward operations of nature and are continually finding new data on it. Information is boundless, and humankind will consistently attempt to get everything, despite the fact that it is unimaginable. As people, we will never be content with what is as of now known; we are everlastingly loaded up with interest. No other creature wants to consider their general surroundings; each an imal finds a sense of contentment with following the request set out for them and can't be discovered scrutinizing the importance of their environmental factors. We are continually searching for better approaches to get things done, and for the significance behind nature. All the information we look for after is interminable, and can never be completely known, regardless of what number of lifetimes are spent attempting to get it. Humankind will consistently be addressing what is known, and attempting to answer what isn't.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Guide (Causes, Symptoms, Treatments)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Guide (Causes, Symptoms, Treatments) A BRIEF INTRODUCTION7.7 billion people are living on our planet Earth today and someone would say there are also 7.7 billion different personalities. After all, there are no 2 persons who are the same, not even identical twins.But is it true that each person has only one personality, only oneself?Up until the 1970s, many people would say yes.However, in the 1970s, after the publication of a very popular book Sybil, a disorder which was known as hysterical neurosis brought many people with what would later be multiple personality disorder and finally dissociative identity disorder (DID) to light.An official definition does not exist, but DID is most often described as a complex psychological condition which develops as a consequence of experiencing a great trauma in early childhood. The word dissociation means a“disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions or sense of who he or she is”.There are three types of dissociative disorders:Dissociative identit y disorderDissociative amnesiaDepersonalization/Derealization disorderIn this text, we will focus on DID, and as we go through it, we will learn about DID’s history, causes, diagnosis, management and treatment and finally the prognosis.WHAT IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER?As we have already said dissociation means a “disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions or sense of who he or she is”.This process is completely normal, and we experience it quite often, sometimes every day in the process of mild dissociation, such as daydreaming, looking at one spot and losing touch with the reality, getting lost in a book, or a movie, etc..However, there are horrible times when disassociation becomes a way of survival because the reality is too much to bear.In these situations, a person disassociates the memory of the event, feelings about it, the place where it happened and feels as if though disconnected from it altogether.It feels like a mental escape fro m the horror and pain.When trauma happens once, such as a car crash and to an adult, dissociation may happen in order not to remember it fully.However, when a continuous severe trauma keeps happening to a child who is between 0 and 6 years old, that causes a dissociative identity disorder in its full capacity.Dissociative identity disorder leads to having several personalities called alters in one human being due to exposure to those severe traumas, resulting in having a disconnected personality.Those alters are all parts of one “self” with different traits and behaviors who “wake up” thanks to different triggers and situations.These alters serve to protect a person and deal with the situations that they can’t.A BRIEF, AMAZING HISTORY OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERIt is said that DID existed in Paleolithic which lasted for around 2 million years up until 10,000 years B.C and was shown in different cave images of shamans.Others say that what we know as DID was known as d emonic possession in the Middle Ages.Opinions are different, but what we know for sure is that the first time it was written about this disorder was in 1791 and it was about the case of a 20-year-old German young woman who had two personalities- the German one and the French one who knew nothing about each other.There were a lot of studies about this phenomenon between the 1880s and 1920s, and they dropped drastically since other diagnoses such as schizophrenia appeared.Then, in the 1970s, the above-mentioned book Sybil was published, and suddenly many cases of DID were reported.As their number rose, the number of alternate personalities rose as well â€" from the original two in the cases reported in 1944 to a few dozen, with an average of 15.7 personalities in all of the cases that were documented later on in 1997.The names of this disorder changed through the last decades until its final name Dissociative Identity Disorder came to be: In 1995 it was thought to be a state in which anxiety is either “directly felt and expressed or . . . unconsciously and automatically controlled by various defense mechanisms, then in 1968, it got the name hysterical neurosis, dissociative type, in 1994 the name was multiple personality disorder and then finally dissociative identity disorder.CAUSES OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERAs we have already said, this disorder develops as a consequence of experiencing a great trauma in early childhood, such as physical, mental and sexual abuse, strong deprivation and or any other molestation with which a child cannot cope with.These traumas can be so severe, that the children being alone, scared, and even fearing for their life detach themselves from the body to not feel anything.This way, they feel as if those horrible things are happening to someone else; it is not them who are hurting, and this is how multiple, different personalities are born.Each one of them is a type of coping mechanism and has traits that the child doesnt, he lping them to deal with the situation in the best way possible.The number of alters differs from person to person and can be 2 of them, but also 100 when a person is not even aware of each one of them.What is fascinating is the fact that these alters are often not human beings.Now, why is this?Since we are talking about children, who are between 0 and 6 years old, we know that in that period their imagination flourishes and that by listening to fairytales and watching tv shows they start to believe in beautiful fairies, dragons, who are symbols of strength, mermaids and other creatures and this is exactly why some of their alters take these creatures shapes and traits.All of that happens to make the children stronger, more resilient, calmer, more patient, etc..This is a way of their brain to protect them from whatever situation they are in and help them survive with the least pain possible. SYMPTOMS OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERThe main characteristic of DID is the presence of t wo or more split identities that have control over the body.These identities are very different from each other, and some of the differences are age, sex, race, sexual orientation, interests, hobbies, gestures, postures, etc.What is very interesting is the fact that these identities can have different allergies, which has been reported in several cases â€" for example one alter has strong gluten allergy, but the other one enjoys eating bread quite a bit, or even more mind-boggling differences such as the diabetes presence, where one alter is a diabetic which is shown by the different tests, and the other one isnt, having the negative tests.The most common symptom is the amnesia which cannot be blamed on an everyday forgetfulness.We often cannot recall what we ate for breakfast a few days ago, or when exactly we had a certain activity, which is normal since our brain absorbs huge amounts of information every day and needs to erase some of them in order to make space for the new ones. However, if we often can’t recall what we did for the past few days, where we’ve gone, whom we’ve seen and if we feel like having a black hole instead of a memory, then we are certainly dealing with a problem.This is the problem that people suffering from DID deal with often daily.What actually happens is the following: since there are different, often numerous alters who “wake up” and take control of the body, they go on about their activities and create the memories, meet new people, create friendships, and so on, so when another alter wakes up, they don’t remember those things, nor does the “original” person.When alters are numerous and their switches regular, the person has constants bigger or smaller amnesias and realizes that something is going on.These switches can take seconds, minutes and sometimes days.What is another sign of DID is an out of body experience when a person feels detached from their body, feeling as if sitting in a passenger’s seat in its c ar.They are aware of a certain activity but dont understand why they are doing it.For example, someone with DID can start doing things they dont normally do, such as being violent, yelling, stealing, reckless driving, and they feel like having no control of the body.An interesting fact is that people with DID report that their alters can choose if they will let them be “co-conscious” with them, or if they will shut them out completely.The first case means the above mentioned: the person is conscious of the things being done, but doesn’t have control over them.This co-consciousness can have different levels: the person can hear and see everything but is a mere spectator, they can hear, but can’t see anything, or they cant hear nor see what the alter is doing, but they feel that something is happening and that the body is moving.The latter case means total amnesia, the alter chooses the to shut the “original” person out, and when the person wakes up, they have no idea abou t what happened and where they have been.As we said, alters are very different among themselves, however, they are not fully mature personalities, but parts of one dissociated identity.A creation of one complete identity is also something that has root in an early and later childhood.When we are born, we have no personality, and our wishes and activities are very disconnected. However, as we grow, see and realize the world around us, learn every day, our identity is created, and everything comes together like a puzzle.This is what happens in a calm, normal, serene childhood.However, when childhood is disrupted with different traumas, that formation fails to happen, leaving the pieces of one personality by themselves.These are called alters. They all keep different aspects of autobiographical information.There is usually the above mentioned “original” or “host”, which is a personality connected with person’s real name and often the host is unaware of the alters and doesn’ t know about them for a long time, or doesn’t understand what is happening. Some of the most common symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are:Depersonalization:  It is the above mentioned out-of-body experience when a person feels detached   from its body and loses control over it.Amnesia: The inability to remember major and important details about one’s life and experiences, such that it can’t be blamed or regular forgetfulness.   Since switches can be very often, this amnesia can be a micro one, and the person doesn’t remember a meaningful conversation or they can last for days and be very scary.Derealization: It is described as the feeling that the world is not real, and sometimes it is connected with the depersonalization.Identity confusion or identity alteration: This is the feeling of deep confusion. The person is unable to define important things such as interests in life, hobbies, sexual orientation, ambitions, political, religious and social viewpoints, etc. T his is all due to the presence of several alters, which all have their above-mentioned viewpoints, ambitions, thoughts, etc..HOW IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER DIAGNOSED?Diagnosing the dissociative identity disorder is usually not an easy process, and it takes time.There is an estimate that people who have DID have already spent around 7 years in the mental health system before its diagnosis.This is because this disorder never exists on its own, but has a lot of other symptoms which are characteristic for other psychiatric diagnoses. People who have DID are usually diagnosed with 5 to 7 similar disorders.Because of their overlapping symptoms, the diagnosis may include schizophrenia, normal and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, epilepsy, borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, and depression.It is important to measure all of the aspects of the possible DID diagnosis to be sure that it is DID, and not something similar.The therapist(s) need to make sure ho w persistent and consistent the person’s identities are in their behavior, how common amnesia is, they need to measure dissociation, and what is very important â€" listen to family members and other close people about their experiences with the person and their identity changes.The DSM-5 (The  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) gives the following criteria for diagnosing dissociative identity disorder:There are at least two or more personality states, ”each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self.”Amnesia must happen, defined as “gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events”The person must have problems with functioning and everyday living due to this disorder, it must be distressed altogether by itThis disturbance is not in any way connected with what is believed to be normal cultural and religious practicesThese symptoms mustn’t be an effect of any substance (such as having no control during alcohol intoxication, having hallucinations after using certain drugs) or a general medical condition (such as having seizures)Besides the main symptoms, there is a variety of side ones that can be associated with dissociative disorders, such as:Mood swingsSuicidal tendencies (70% of people with DID have tied to commit suicide)DepressionPanic attacks and phobias (flashbacks and different “triggers”)Alcohol and drug abuseEpilepsyEating disorders DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER TREATMENTDissociative identity disorder doesn’t have a “cure”; it is a state with which people live their whole lives. It requires commitment and long-term treatments.What is necessary in the beginning is that the person who is diagnosed with the DID accepts that fact that it has it and that many people in the world (1% of the population) have it, thus is not alone.Even though it sounds scary to know that they have alters who can control the body, they shouldn’t be afraid.There is plenty of people who learned how to live with DID and who even came to meet their alters either through writing a diary together and reading each other’s thoughts and experiences or through their friend’s stories, since alters usually have different friends.In general, there is a lack of consensus in the treatment of DID, but thanks to numerous case studies and researches on possible therapies, three of them were found to be very effective:Psychotherapy: it is also called “talk therapy”. The therapist is there to talk to the patient and carefully listen to their stories and experiences and see what the triggers are. Their goal is to put different personalities as much together as possible and fuse them. Another goal is to help the patient control the triggers and with that their life as well. This therapy is sometimes even more effective when it includes family, friends and significant others. The psychotherapy has a variety of t echniques, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).Hypnotherapy: The hypnosis was found to be very helpful since it is used to enter the unconsciousness and repressed memories and feelings. Very often people with the DID dont even remember their childhood and horrific details and feelings since they have been repressed and lived by their alters”. Thanks to the hypnosis these memories are relived and that way the person has a chance to heal and deal with that new information. It can also help control any problematic behavior and triggers. All of this leads to the integration of multiple personalities.Creative therapy: It includes therapies such as the movement and art ones, which bring relaxation and helps people reconnect with the parts of their mind that have been shut off. Those are the parts that keep the memories of the trauma.PROGNOSISPeople diagnosed w ith dissociative identity disorder usually react very well to their therapy.Those who have only dissociative and posttraumatic symptoms are given a better prognosis than those who have other disorders as well, especially those who are still in touch with their abusers.The latter ones usually have a much longer treatment, which requires much more effort and will.It is very common that people suffering from DID have suicidal thoughts, failed suicide attempts and self-harm happens often.Since every DID patient is a different case, their treatment type, duration, success rate, and other statistics differ quite a bit, and no one can say for sure.Some of the important factors in every treatment include patients will to tackle the problem and goals, which vary from only improving the communication and cooperation inside the system (all alters together make up a system), lowering amnesia occurrence, to the most ambitious one, and that is overall alter integration.Another very important fact or is the patients feeling of being safe. That feeling is something they were deprived of in their early childhood, which ultimately led to multiple alter creation, thus is linked with their switches.The less safe the person is, the more regular alter switches will be to protect them.This is why a person with DID must feel relaxed, safe, free from fear for their life â€" all of this calms the alters and they stop appearing that often.DID treatment is a long and complicated process, which requires years, a lot of patience, and most importantly, an adequate psychiatrist who has the much need knowledge and expertise in this field.FINAL WORDTaking into consideration the whole text and so much new information, I hope that it gives a clear picture of the dissociative identity disorder which remains unclear to many people.It is a disorder that requires so much more work, analysis, case studies, and deeper research to fully understand it, if ever.Even though most of us dont know anyone with this disorder, or like to think so, it is pretty common, with 1-2% of the population being diagnosed with it.That is 75-150 million people with the DID, but what is with the cases who remain hidden?

Low test scores These colleges dont care.

Low test scores? These colleges don’t care. In the past few years, and increasing number of selective colleges and universities have adopted test-optional policies, no longer requiring students to submit their standardized test scores.   Institutions eliminating or de-emphasizing standardized tests often cite a lack of confidence in the SAT’s and ACT’s    ability to predict college success and/or a desire to improve campus diversity (although a widely publicized College Transitions study shows that test optional polices may not increase the enrollment of underrepresented students).   Test-optional schools are still a minority in American higher education, but their numbers are growing and now include several highly desirable and ultra-competitive institutions.College Transitions recently published a complete list of selective, test-optional colleges.   Please click here to see which colleges have done away with standardized test requirements.To Submit or Not SubmitBefore deciding whether to submit your st andardized test scores to a test-optional college, it’s important to consider the following:Can other information within your application sufficiently demonstrate your potential and strengths? It’s not enough to simply compare your standardized test scores against those of the average incoming student.   You should also take a serious look at other components of your application. Determine whether your grades, essays, and/or extracurricular record can truly distinguish you as an applicant and move your prospective colleges to vote â€Å"yes.† These application materials will be heavily scrutinized now that your admissions officers are without an essential piece of information, which although bias, can still provide for meaningful comparisons between you and the rest of the applicant pool.Are test scores required or recommended for merit scholarship consideration? Several test-optional colleges still award merit aid on the basis of standardized test scores, at least in part.   If you’re needy and/or cost-conscious, make sure you understand the financial implications of withholding your test scores.   We advise you to contact the admissions offices at each of your prospective test-optional colleges to determine whether merit aid is tied to standardized test performance, and if so, to what extent.Are my prospective colleges test-optional or test-flexible? There are a number of selective colleges, including Brandeis, Bryn Mawr, Colby and NYU, that do not require the SAT or ACT, but still require applicants to submit results from one or more other exams, such as AP or IB exams and SAT subject tests.   Before developing an admissions strategy, make sure that you are familiar with the exact testing requirements at each of your prospective colleges and that you learn whether the submission of test scores is truly optional.

The Comedy of Hamlet - 1827 Words

The Comedy of Hamlet Shakespearean plays are often known for their outstanding entertainment and classic comic conflict. In his masterwork, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses these aspects to serve his thematic purpose. He has used comedy throughout many of his historic plays, but in this play, comedy is the drawing point that makes it fun and entertaining, yet clear and intuitive. Generally, his tragedies are not seen as comical, but in reality, they are full of humor. However, these comic elements don’t simply serve to relieve tension; they have much significance to the play itself. The characters of Hamlet, Polonius, Osric, and the Gravediggers, prove to be very influential characters, and throughout the play, they are the individuals that†¦show more content†¦Osric’s role during the play was to enlighten the intensity in the room and use humor to create a positive atmosphere. As courtier to the king, Osric was not necessarily one of the most influential characters, but he did play a n important role as a servant and â€Å"braggart soldier† (Draudt, 2002). His character allowed a more powerful character (Hamlet), to â€Å"not only make fun of [his] diction, but also deliberately baffle and confuse [him] and thus expose [his] slow wits† (Draudt, 2002). Throughout Act V, Osric isn’t usually the one to offer the humor, but the humor is revolved around him. This type of comedy reflects the meaning of his social class, and as Hamlet ridicules him, it only weakens his reputation. Nonetheless, Hamlet uses this humor to poke fun at Osric and is therefore viewed as comedy. The importance of this action is to show the ignorance of Osric’s character and how easily he can be manipulated by his fellow men and because it highlights his function in society and his class rank. In addition to being mocked, Osric also â€Å"serves as [a] foil to the hero (Hamlet), contrasting with [his] genuine wit†¦ [and] honesty† (Draudt, 2002). As a foil, Osric is the complete opposite of Hamlet, and that can be seen by the way Hamlet treats Osric. This reveals to the audience the differencesShow MoreRelated The Comedy of Hamlet Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthe use of comic relief best contrast the tragedy of Hamlet? In great works of literature a comic relief is used as contrast to a serious scene to intensify the overall tragic nature of the play or to relieve tension. As illustrated in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, intense scenes are joined with character’s banter and vacuous actions as to add a comic relief. 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Death is sad but the dark humor gives it a different satire to the event. The language of the play is used to create comedy with wit that is meant to be pleasing to the audience and define what kind of characters are in the play. Hamlet the person plays many parts the clown, the fool and the madman. HamletRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Comedy and Tragedy914 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Comedy and Tragedy In a comparison of comedy and tragedy, I will begin by looking at narrative. The narration in a comedy often involves union and togetherness as we see in the marriage scene at the end of Midsummers Night Dream. William Hazlitt tells us that one can also expect incongruities, misunderstandings, and contradictions. I am reminded of the play The Importance of Being Ernest and the humor by way of mistaken identity. Sigmund Freud tells us to expect excessRead More tragoed Metamorphosis of the Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms736 Words   |  3 PagesMetamorphosis of the Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms Tragedy is considered by many to be the greatest of the genres. Often something goes wrong and exposes something great. Characters generally have more depth as evidenced by Hamlet. Tragedy shows up in the great periods of history: Classical Greece, Renaissance, and the early 20th century. It is a far more complex genre than comedy or romance. It teaches people to think since the storylines never have a simpleRead More Comic Relief Of Hamlet Essay examples1404 Words   |  6 Pages A Portrayal of Humor Within the Tragedy of Hamlet How does humor factor into a tragedy? Shakespeare knew the answer to this question and acted upon it quite frequently. Shakespeare has been known to write comedies and tragedies both but this does not qualify him at to not incorporate a little of each into each other. In the work of Hamlet there are many occasions where Shakespeare uses it for different effects. The main reason for the presence of humor within a tragedy is to keep the reader interestedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bard of Avon, commonly known as William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). Although he was popular during his time, Shakespeare’s influence continued to grow after his death and today he well known around the world. He added 2,000 words to the English diction ary and he is the 2nd most quoted after the Bible (Video). Shakespeare is one of the mostRead MoreEssay on Hamlet and Tragedy524 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet and Tragedy Hamlet: A Tragedy When you think of William Shakespeare, Hamlet is the first thing most people think of, as his work. Hamlet is also a classic example of a tragedy. In all tragedies the hero suffers, and usually dies at the end. All good pieces of literature written way back when, are usually tragedies. The most important element is the amount of free will the character has. In every tragedy, the characterRead More Hamlets Sense of Humor Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience to take, William Shakespeare strategically placed several humorous scenes throughout his masterpiece, Hamlet.   In particular, the character of Polonius fills the role of the comic fool; he is in two essential comedic scenes, one with his own children and then one with Hamlet.   Shakespeares acute ability to weave humor into this very heavy play is noteworthy, as his use of comedy goes beyond merely providing much-needed comic relief.  Ã‚   In fact, the rather numerous comedic scenes serveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Ghosts 1116 Words   |  5 Pageswere be powerful links between his art and the haunting of spirits (157). The richest and most complex exploitation of the theatrical capital Shakespeare found in ghosts is in Hamlet. The ghost in Hamlet is the specter of Hamlet’s recently deceased father, who claims to have been murdered by Claudius and calls upon Hamlet to avenge him (Shakespeare xi). It is important to grasp how frequently and insistently the figure of the ghost repeats all through his plays. The inquiries the figure raises

Human Breast Milk A Review On Its Composition And...

The article â€Å"Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity† was found on the database called CINAHL complete. The terms â€Å"breast milk† and â€Å"health† were used during the search. The abstract of the article is the following: â€Å"Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution, finely attuning it to the requirements of the infant. Breast milk contains many complex proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, the concentrations of which alter dramatically over a single feed, as well as over lactation, to reflect the infant’s needs. In addition to providing a source of nutrition for infants, breast milk contains a myriad of biologically active components. These molecules possess diverse roles, both guiding the development of the infants immune system and intestinal microbiota. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides, the synthesis of which are determined by the maternal genotype. In this review, we discuss the composition of breast milk and the factors that affect it during the course of breast feeding. Understanding the components of breast milk and their functions will allow for the improvement of clinical practices, infant feeding and our understanding of immune responses to infection and vaccination in infants.† (Andreas, J. et al., 2015, p.629) This article mentioned the ingredients of the breast milk including the protein compounds, carbohydrates, and others. In addition, itShow MoreRelatedVitamins and Minerals in Modern Society7964 Words   |  32 Pagesand must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid functions as vitamin C for some animals but not others, and vitamins D and K are required in the human diet only in certain circumstances. The term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it encompass the large number of other nutrients that promote healthRead MoreHuman Kallikrein Related Peptidases ( Klks )8953 Words   |  36 Pageschallenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumor heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our med ical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration

A REVIEW FOR A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4547 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The Company Ive chosen for the dissertation deals with projects in providing offshore solutions and infrastructure to the Oil Gas extraction companies. As the projects are high investment oriented and needs millions and billions of dollars and other foreign currencies as the firm deals with the countries like Italy, Germany, France, UK and Japan for procurement of inventory materials and the skilled professional to perform and accomplish the objectives of the projects with the maximum customer satisfaction and optimum return to the stake holders. As and when the project progress, the payments have to be made to the suppliers of the materials and the services of the subcontractors that have been ordered and assigned respectively. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A REVIEW FOR A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION" essay for you Create order In this stage, the company gets the exposure in to the risk of cash out flow in other foreign currencies such as EURO, GBP, YEN, NOK other than the functional currency USD. The cash flows exposure to the risk factors is the sensitivity of the cash flow to the unexpected changes in the risk factor. The risk factor is the variable such as price, quantity that can change unexpectedly for reasons beyond ones control. Exposure to cash flow to risk factor = change in cash flow per unit change in risk factor. Lest us consider a simple example of purchasing an inventory for EUR 20,000 needs to be paid in due course at the market rate. At the beginning the exchange rate was 1.20 dollar per euro which gives cash out flow of $24,000. But when the real payment has to be made the rate has spiked up to 1.41 dollars per euro ended up in out flow of $28,200 resulting in a loss of $4,200. To eliminate or minimize these risks on the Cash flow of the project, the firm enters into financial agreement with a counterparty called a hedge. A financial position that reduces the risk resulting from exposure to a risk factor called a financial hedge. Here the firm chooses a financial hedge is a forward contract. In the above given example, the firm will enter into a forward contract say with a Bank, with an obligation to serve the contract at a given period of time with an agreed price. Like the firm will agree with the bank to buy ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬20,000 at the end of 3 month from the date of contract at an agreed price of say $1.32 inclusive of charges and commission. This will minimize the risk of the firm by $1,800, which is a notional gain for the company. The above example is very simple vanilla explanation of a foreign currency exposure in a single cash flow with assuming constant exchange rates, no inflation and no other source of uncertainty. But in actual financial market conditions the firm will face catastrophic uncertainties. This dissertatio n gives a detail study about how the company deals with the cash flow risk through forward hedging and how the various factors affect the pricing of the derivatives. The possibilities of the firm to maintain the effectiveness, the balancing act between the uncertainties and the techniques to overcome the uncertainties. As the risk factor is unlimited in the foreign currency exposure cash flows and the company is not fine tune its practice and procedures to curtail the risk of the firm, then the interest of the stakeholders of the will be in jeopardy. To safe guard the interest of the investor, the regulatory authorities inflict every company to comply with the set financial reporting procedures in relation to every financial aspect of the company. FASB statement No-133 establishes a uniform procedure of accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, and related amendments and implementation issues. Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview Introduction The company that I have chosen is one of the leading worldwide marine solutions companies with fabrication facilities in the Americas, Middle East, Caspian and Asia Pacific. They are the leading provider of engineering, procurement, construction and installation in the global oil and gas industry. It is a project based firm. Companys self description to the market is Challenging Projects. Its What We Do. This company does EPCI Projects (Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation). Our major budget is for the procurement (Nearly 60% to 70% for the total budget) of steels, Inconel pipes and valves from various parts of the world. All the three are very highly priced and also have fluctuations in price very often. We need to make huge payments to the vendors who supply these materials according to the achievement of agreed milestones. After the award of the project, the engineering phase will start; followed by procurement as per the specifications drawn by the e ngineers. The procurement functional department with the Project specific Procurement Manager decides the modus operandi and then gets the price quotes from repute vendors and vendors recommended by the Client. In this place the PMT and the functional department decides the vendor to whom the order should be placed; who fulfill the technical and commercial conditions. Simultaneously a detailed procurement plan will be prepared and will be passed on over to the Project Accountant to prepare the cash flow which will be the designated item to hedge. Importance of Topic Project revenues (cash inflows) of almost all the Projects are in US Dollars. Hence, when these huge procurement orders are being placed with Vendors from Germany, UK and Japan, the MNC has to pay them in their currency. THE COMPANY faces the foreign currency exposure at this juncture. To protect the firm from adverse/unfavorable changes in foreign currency exposure, Firm enters into forward contracts to hedge the EURO and GBP cash flows. In other words, the Firm hedges its cash flow of the currencies other than its base currency in order to reduce the volatility (ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) of the Cash flows. A Hedge is a position in a hedging instrument (here its Forward Contract) put on to reduce the risk resulting from the exposure to a risk factor. Statement about Problem The predicament our company faces is the cash flow forecast of the EURO and GBP as it being keeps on roll over due to non-achievement of milestones by the vendors. The payments of such milestones keep on delaying month by month. In this circumstance, the hedge becomes ineffective. Hedge Effectiveness reflects the degree to which changes in the performance of an underlying risk exposure, i.e., underlying hedged item, in respect of a designated risk are offset by changes in the performance of a designated hedging instrument. Effectiveness clearly depends upon the specific hedging objectives which are reflecting on two key factors: The specific performance metric being used, The designated risk being hedged If there is lack of offset between the hedging instrument and the hedged item then the hedge is said to be ineffective. The range of offset is 80 120 percentages. Dissertation Outline This study visualizes the following: Analyze the currency exposure and cash flows Understand the current approach of hedging other currency cash flows. Identify the other possible ways of hedging the risk Make Models and run using historical data Find and recommend the company better solutions to minimize risks. Ill work on the data available within The Company and The Reuters Bloomberg for the Spot and Forward rates. The research methodology would be worked out using the knowledge acquired on hedging strategies through the EMBA Curriculum and the work experience. The final outcome will have the following: Information on EURO GBP Cash flows Identification of risks in the deployment of EURO and GBP Use of Forwards, Futures or Options to minimize risks or rather make profit. Build and evaluate models and demonstrate its benefits Testing the Models Final Recommendations. Summary AASB-139: The Cash flow hedge is hedge of exposure to the inconsistency or volatility in cash flows that are attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a forecast transaction Examples of circumstances to which cash flow hedges may be appropriate include: Hedge of future foreign currency exchange risk associated with an unrecognized contractual commitment to purchase stocks (inventory) or commodity for a fixed foreign exchange amount; or Hedge of change in price of inventory stock or commodity relating to an unrecognized commitment to purchase at a fixed price with payment in the domestic currency; or Use of a swap to change a floating rate debt into fixed rate debt. This dissertation narrates about the first point noted above. Cash Flow Hedging Example Company ABC Limited is an American retail company with USD as its functional currency. It has projected to order EUR 3,000,000 new game consoles for the Xmas period to be delivered in December 20xx. Payment is due to occur in January 20xy in EUR. In January 20xx the company management decides to hedge the foreign currency risk arising from the projected purchase. ABC Limited has determined the transaction is highly probable and the company has entered into a forward contract to buy EUR against USD. Assume hedges have been effective prospectively and retrospectively The fair value and movement in the fair value of forward contract and the fair value of the hedged item i.e. hypothetical derivative are set out below for each measurement date. 1 Jan xx USD $ 000 30 June xx USD $ 000 31 Dec xx USD $ 000 Fair value of hypothetical Derivative 0 (190) 55 Change in value of Hypothetical Derivative (190) 245 (55+190) Fair Value of derivative 0 200 (50) Change in Fair Value of derivative in period 200 (250)=(-50-200) Entries at 1 Jan xx No entry required for the derivative as it was entered into at market rates and no cash was exchanged. Fair value of derivative at inception is nil Entries at 30 June xx Derivative DR 200,000 Unrealized Gain Cash Flow Reserve CR Unrealized Gain Other Income CR To record clean fair value of the derivative post cash flow hedge reserve entries Entries at 31 Dec xx Unrealized Gain Cash Flow Reserve DR 250,000 Derivative CR Unrealized Gain Other Income DR 10,000 Cash Flow Reserve CR To record clean fair value of the derivative post cash flow hedge reserve entries Cash Flow Reserve DR 50,000 Inventory CR To record transfer of the balance of the cash flow reserve to inventory on the physical receipt of the inventory Inventory DR 3,500,000 Accounts Payable CR To reflect the receipt of Inventory Entries at 31 Jan xy Derivative DR 50,000 Cash CR To record settlement of derivative Cash Flow Hedge Reserve Reconciliation 30 June xx 31 Dec xx Opening Balance 190,000 Gain/(Loss) on Derivative 190,000 (250,000) Transfer from prior period PL 10,000 Balance 190,000 (50,000) Transfer to inventory 50,000 Final Balance 190,000 0 Profit Loss 10,000 (10,000) When calculating or obtaining (from bankers) fair values of derivatives or hedged items the clean fair value should be used. The clean fair value excludes accrued interest. The dirty fair value is the fair value including accrued interest. The use of clean values in effectiveness testing results often results in less ineffectiveness than the use of dirty values. With cash flow hedges as there is no hedged item to perform effectiveness testing and generate accounting entries it is necessary to use a proxy derivative or hypothetical derivative. The hypothetical derivative can be derived by selecting a derivative that is similar to the expected cash flows. Alternatively the fair values of the cash flows being hedged can be used as the hypot hetical derivative. Hedge accounting is discontinued and the balance of the hedge reserve is transferred straight to profit and loss when the firm commitment or forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur. Hedge accounting is discontinued and remains in equity until the firm commitment or forecast transaction occurs: Hedged instrument is sold , terminated or expired; or The hedge no longer meets hedging criteria for hedge accounting; Chapter 2 Research Methodology Introduction Forecasting the cash out flow arises out of payments of the foreign currencies or exchange can be difficult, as the exact timing of future payments is often unpredictable. Firms have cash flows that are stochastic and wish to hedge them. When the exchange rates fluctuate, this uncertainty makes managing cash flow and maintaining the precincts even more challenging. So, if optimizing cash flow is critical to your business, Forward Contracts may be just the tool you need to gain control over foreign payments. What is a Forward Contract? It is a foreign exchange instrument or may be a derivative agreement for purchasing a set amount of a foreign currency at a fixed rate for distribution over a predetermined length of time. It provides a range of days a window of time for settling the contract at a previously agreed price. Forward Contracts are often used when you expect to make foreign payments, but payment dates are uncertain. You benefit from greater flexibility, certainty a nd convenience because you establish your exchange rate in advance and pay invoices as they become due. In addition, Forward Contracts do not require upfront funding. Payment is required only when the contract is drawn down and only for the amount you need. Therefore, you have access to funds, and your cash in hand will continue to earn interestÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦all while establishing your foreign exchange costs in advance. If a firm has undertaken a cash flow hedge, it has to demonstrate that this hedge is Effective. If a cash flow hedge is effective, the derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. The effectiveness of the hedge requires the hedge to meet a standard set by the Company as to how the gains of the hedge offset the changes in cash flows being hedged. This standard has to be set at the time the derivative position is entered. If the standard is no longer met at some point during the life the hedge, the firm looses the use of the hedge acc ounting. The effective part of the gains and losses of the derivative that offset the changes in cash flows being hedged. The gains and losses of the derivatives flow through Other Comprehensive Income rather than earnings and hence do not affect earnings as long as the gains and losses of the hedged cash flows are not recognized. When the gains or losses on the hedged cash flows are realized, the gains and losses that went through Other Comprehensive Income are used to offset the gains or losses on the hedged cash flows. Research Background Research Questions Though the firms core competency is building projects, the ultimate mission and goal is to increase the shareholders wealth and satisfaction. So it is very important to tap the opportunities wherever available to make or realize revenues and enhance the earnings of the company. Hence to accomplish the aphorism we need to analyze the following positions with the available facts, figures and the extensive learning. Is Insurance a Proper hedge for OR? The discussions about the appropriateness of insurance to protect against the operational risk have dominated the topic of operational risk hedging. The mains issue is that the definition and classification of operational risk varies significantly. Therefore insurers fear being held liable for losses that have not be factored into their premium calculations. As a result, insurers generally word policies very carefully in order to exclude risks that are not definite in amount, time, place or cause. Consequently this may lead to gaps in the available cover, preventing the insurance of all risks encompassing OR (although some business risk types, which are not included in regulatory capital, might be included). In addition, where policies have not been properly worded there is the possibility of lengthy disputes over whether a loss really is covered or not. This can at best lead to long delays in the payment of claims. Decision making on whether to opt the hedging for the disbursement of the cash flow or not How to make the Hedging function as profit centre of the business Research Objectives The main purpose of this dissertation is to gain an understanding on the value implications of the cash flow hedging. In other words how the corporate hedging affects the value of the firm. What are the merits and demerits of Cash out flow hedging? Is Hedging Model gives maximum returns or gains while reducing the uncertainty of the cash flows that are stochastic? Research Approach Analyze the foreign currency cash flow of a corporate at a given period for their potential risks and the way to eliminate them through derivative trading and come up with the appropriate hedging model to maximize the earnings. Research Methodology Problem Definition As the firms core competency of the firm is not Derivative trading, the company is not considering handling derivatives innovatively. They are just concentrating on developing, improvising, competing and sustaining the existing industry of building projects. This dissertation is to analyze and prove that the treasury also be a profit centre that being regarded as a supportive or service unit. This is to indulge the intrapreneurship upon the internal stake holders that they can also be part of the earnings of the Company and their ultimate mission and goal should align with the companys mission to increase the shareholders wealth and satisfaction. Research Design Plan (Data Sources etc) Refer APPENDIX-1 for the design or nomenclature followed by the company to enter into a derivative forward contract. All the data are supplied or collated through Secondary Data sources which are very much from the internal and confidential. The data are consciously maneuvered to maintain the confidentiality of the firm, without affecting the objective of this thesis submission. The Other secondary sources are https://www.oanda.com, https://www.x-rates.com, https://www.bloomberg.com. Qualitative Data Analysis The Research methodology is purely qualitative as the analysis is based on the content of the collected data. The data collected were the cash flows in other foreign currencies other than the Companys functional currency US Dollars. To be specific the cash flows are the EURO and GBP payments forecasted to pay the vendors who have supplied the inventory for various projects. As already mentioned, the analysis is about how to decide upon whether the cash flow has to be hedged or not with objective of eliminating the uncertainty of the cash flows that are stochastic. The company is mainly deals with the Foreign currency Forward Contracts. A forward exchange contract (or forward contract) is a binding obligation to buy or sell a certain amount of foreign currency at a pre-agreed rate of exchange, on a certain future date. To take out a forward contract you need to advise us of the amount, the two currencies involved, the expiry date and whether you would like to buy or sell t he currency. It can be possible to build in some flexibility to allow the purchase or sale of the currency between two pre-defined dates rather than a single maturity date. Consider a Forward contract where you agree on 1st of March to purchase EUR 1,000,000 on 1st of June at a price of F. The price of the deliverable asset for Spot Delivery would be SJune-1 at the maturity of the Contract. The pay off of the Contract at maturity is 1,000,000 (SJune-1 F). To create a replicating portfolio for the forward contract, Ive to purchase an asset on 1st of March that pays EUR 1,000,000 on 1st of June. I can purchase today an amount of EURO such that on 1st of June Ive EUR 1,000,000 by buying EUR T-bills for a face value of EUR 1,000,000 maturing on 1st of June. The EUR T-bills maturing 1st of June must have equal value to the present value of the forward price. Pricing formula for a foreign exchange currency forward contract St = Spot Price at a given date (t) rFX = Interest rate on Foreign Currency (EURO) Treasury Bill maturing at (t+i) i = Maturity date of the Forward Contract r = Interest rate on a US Treasury Bill maturing at the same date. F = Forward price of the Foreign currency (EURO) Assuming with the confidence level of 99%, the replicating portfolio has zero value at initiation, the formula being generalized as: St e-rFX ÃŽ i ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fe-r ÃŽ i = 0 This formula implies that the forward price must be: F = St e(r-rFX) The equation represents that the hedge ratio is one because the firm goes short one EURO forward for each EURO of exposure. The hedge ratio is the size of the hedge for a one-unit exposure to a risk factor. The key to pricing the Forward contract is that they can be replicated by the underlying asset and financing the purchase until the maturity of the contract. This allows the traders to price the contracts at arbitrage. This means that we can price a forward contract without having a clue as to the expected value of the underlying asset at maturity. To price a forward contract on a currency, we ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´, dont need to know anything about the determinants of changes in the exchange rates. The Forward price depends upon: the interest rate that has to be paid to finance the purchase of the underlying asset; the cost to store it and the benefit from holding it. TREND SENITIVITY ANALYSIS OF EUR/USD: EUR/USD EXCHANGE RATES USED IN BID Rate Txn Value Project-A 0.763 9,472,124 Project-B 0.763 13,788,450 Project-C 0.763 40,540,186 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Rates Proba-bility Values Low Avg High Low Avg Project-A 0.841 0.736 0.660 50% 11,265,609 12,867,111 Project-B 0.841 0.736 0.660 35% 16,399,203 18,730,489 Project-C 0.841 0.736 0.660 67% 48,216,206 55,070,551 59% 75,881,017 86,668,151 Sensitivity due to change in rate (7,697,977) 3,089,156 TREND SENITIVITY ANALYSIS OF GBP/USD: GBP/USD EXCHANGE RATES USED IN BID Rate Txn Value Project-A 0.637 19,940,303 Project-B 0.637 35,273,919 Project-C 0.637 9,632,902 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Rates Proba-bility Values Low Avg High Low Avg Project-A 0.702 0.640 0.592 70% 28,392,856 31,142,125 Project-B 0.702 0.640 0.592 55% 50,226,283 55,089,675 Project-C 0.702 0.640 0.592 47% 13,716,221 15,044,358 Total 64% 92,335,360 101,276,157 Sensitivity due to change in rate (9,474,624) (533,827) Statement on Research Findings Limitations Reliability The decision of going forward and place a forward contract hedging relies on two major factors: Trend line of the Exchange rate fluctuation or movement Cash flow of the Foreign currencies (i.e) Underlying asset To have reliable derivative instrument to protect the underlying asset from affecting the bottom line of the firm, we need to have a consistent and scientific way of structuring the cash flow through which its stochastic nature could be eliminated. The firm has a huge exposure and limitations on the reliability upon the formulation of cash flows as it involves various decisive factors. Some of them are: Approval of drawings and its documentation Approval/Passing of Quality check and the specifications of raw materials Delivery of the Product Submission of documents as per the contract Validity Risk is costly to export onto the business. Consequently if hedging has no cost, the firm chooses it to minimize the risk. To determine whether and how to hedge the cash flow it is essential to measure Value at Risk (VaR), Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR) and Volatility, so that the firm can determine how much of that risk it wants to bear. We consider the risk-minimizing hedges of a foreign currency position when risk is measured by volatility, VaR and CFaR. Value at Risk measures the potential risk or loss anticipated (worst case scenario) on an investment or an asset or portfolio over a defined time period for a given level of confidence. The notion of the VAR is simple the maximum sum that you can lose in any investment over a particular period with a specified probability. CFaR measures the expected maximum decrease in the expected cash flows resulting from the adverse movement of the market, over a defined period for a given confidence interval. To calculate CFaR the fol lowing steps are performed: Setting time horizon and confidence interval. Cash flow mapping. Identifying risk factors. Simulation of risk factors. Revaluation of cash flows. Constructing the probability distribution of cash flows. Reading the value of the particular quartile of the cash flow distribution based on the confidence level. There are different methodologies of calculating at-Risk measures: Variance-covariance methodology (delta-normal) Historical simulation Monte Carlo simulation (Being used to evaluate the risk) Volatility-minimizing hedge of cash position, when the returns are identically independently distributed: Cov [r(cash).r(hedge)] ÃŽ Cash Position Var [r(hedge) This equation makes clear that the risk-minimizing hedge depends on the size of the cash position. As the cash position increases, the volatility-minimizing hedge involves a larger dollar amount short in the hedge instrument. Summary With the detailed study, its evident that the Forward Contract can have substantial default risk. As financing and storage become more expensive, the forward price increases compared to the current price of the underlying asset. But the systematic risk reduces the forward prices to compensate the financing and storage risk. The important factors to consider while entering into forward contract is that measurement of VaR, CFaR and the Volatility of the underlying asset and also the basis risk (I,e) the determination of relation between the forward price and the spot price. Apart from these the other important factor is the market condition which is the systematic risk, which plays a vital role in the decision making. So the firm has to always watchful to take right decision on right time about when to enter the market and when to exit the out the hedging position. Chapter 3: Analysis and Interpretation Results on Findings Analysis After the detailed review of the firms role play in the field of Cash flow hedging I found that there cash flows are stochastic and they could not capitalize on the due the various factors that had been listed out in Statement of Research Findings. There is no access provided in the measurement of VaR, CFaR and the volatility which is the most important criterions in deciding upon the hedging instrument. I find there is no much need as the firm opts only forward contracts and not any other hedging instrument. As mentioned earlier, there is no need to fear the risk if you make sure that hedge ratio does not fall beyond control. But in this case, I found that due the major deviation in the cash flows, the ratio could not be managed and the forward contract could not be replicated by an underlying asset to purchase at the time of maturity, which resulted in the ineffectiveness of the hedge. Chapter IV: Conclusion Recommendation Due to the lack of proper system, it is very difficult for the firm to have a control on the cash flows and to round up the problems that are resulting in the ineffective cash flow. As a result of this dissertation, it was evident that the firm has to improve the status of the cash flow to have efficient and effective decision making on selection of the hedge instrument. And the same has been recommended to the Company along with other considerations on measuring the risk related to the Cash flow and Volatility, so that the firm can find other better options of derivative instruments rather sticking onto the Forward Contract alone. APPENDIX-1 Foreign Exchange Transaction Process Counter Party Bank Trading Desks access Misys/CMS via Internet and provide confirmation of FX transaction details Bank trading Desks offer Forex Rates to the treasury via Telephone or Bloomberg Corporate or Other Subsidiary Treasury Treasury sends Transaction confirmation to the subsidiary Treasury reviews Misys/CMS for confirmation of FX transaction details Treasury contacts Banks for the quotes via Telephone or Bloomberg Treasury proceeds with the txn and loads details into quantum or Bloomberg loads quantum automatically Forex Txn details automatically gets loaded into Misys /CMS for matching confirmation with Bank counterparties MISYS/CMS Quantum (Treasury Work Station) Subsidiary provides the Hedge request to the Treasury

Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay

Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, written by the ever-famous William Shakespeare, is an eloquent story of passionate love between two teenage individuals of a time long ago. These individuals, Romeo and Juliet, fall helplessly in love with each other, in spite of the fact that their families, both upper class, have been enemies for generations. The two lovers therefore strive to maintain their ardent bond with each other in secret. They also encounter various obstacles along the way and suffer serious consequences, such as Romeos banishment to Mantua and the obligatory marriage of Juliet to Paris. In efforts to overcome such hindrances to their love,†¦show more content†¦Romeo, for the first time, senses his portentous fate and perceives it as perpetually hanging in the stars. This supports the fact that, like stars, fate emanates from the heavenly realm and is indelibly etched into time. Through later events such as Romeos banishment, Romeo becomes convinced that fate is against him and that it wants to keep him apart from his love, Juliet. Consequently, upon hearing of Juliets death, Romeo utters, ...-Then I defy you, stars-! revealing his attempt to challenge fate. This quote also reveals the metaphorical similarity between fate and its vehicle, stars, in that both supremely control from the heavens. In addition, Romeo states immediately before his death,O, here / Will I set up my everlasting rest / and shake the yoke of inauspicious stars / from this world-wearied flesh!... Again, fate is replaced with stars to strengthen the meaning of fate and create a mental image of it, as well. Truly, Shakespeare cleverly reinforces the theme of fate through the motif of stars. As the motif of stars represents the theme of fate, so does the character of Friar Lawrence. The friar soon begins to recognize the haplessness of the situation, finding ways to work around fate. He states, ...FearShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1 096 Words   |  5 PagesFate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet When William Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo Juliet’ he told a tale of â€Å"A pair of star crossed lovers†. The role of fate plays an important role in the play. The themes of conflict, love, revenge, religion destiny all tie in with the role of fate. Romeo Juliet were both born into and â€Å"ancient grudge† fuelled by two formidable families, the Capulets and Montagues. Fate plays a very important role in the play, and at theRead More Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fate, for better or worse, interrupts everyone’s daily life, whether he/she chooses to acknowledge it or not. Thinking about fate conjures up different feelings for different people; some people believe strongly in it, some people think of fate as ridiculous, and some do not care one way or the other. However, in many instances, such as in William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, far too many coincidences occur to be strictly coincidental. Fate creates a powerfulRead More The Role of Fate in William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet2378 Words   |  10 PagesThe Role of Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, the first romantic tragedy was based on a poem translated from the French Novella (1595). Romeo Montague, who is in love with Rosaline, goes to a party in an attempt to take his mind off her. At this party he meets Juliet Capulet and immediately falls in love with her. Later he finds out that she is a Capulet, the rival family of the Montagues. He decides that he loves her in spite ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet987 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is centered around the tragic story of two â€Å"star-cross’d lovers†. A tragedy is a dramatic story that chronicles the downfall or death of a tragic hero. Tragedies usually depict the causes of a tragic hero’s downfall, which are most commonly a tragic choice or a tragic flaw. There is often some sort of greater power at play in tragedies, like fate. A key aspect of tragedies is both fate and free will leading to the downfall of a tragic hero. In William Shakespeare’sRead More Theme of Fate and Choice in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Fate and Choice, in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In William Shakespeares tragic play Romeo and Juliet, there are four quotes about fate and choice. The characters in the play choose their own fate, it happens because of their choices or actions. First, in the beginning of the play Romeo and Juliet are referred to as a pair of star-crossed lovers (Romeo and Juliet, Prologue). Second, Romeo explains to Mercutio how he has a dream that if he goes to the Montague party heRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare713 Words   |  3 PagesSome people may not consider that fate is something that truly occurs in the world. Others believe that each event is prearranged and set out before them like a roadmap to life; in other words, fate. The faith stems from a common belief from William Shakespeares time that the points of the stars determined someones fortune. Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet, depicts fate as an exceptionally vital force. Because of fate, the play becomes immensely thrilling and it is exactly what manages theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, a literary canon, supplies its audience with knowledge and understanding. Shakespeare’s mix of romance, tragedy, and comedy makes Romeo and Juliet a definite worthy read. The play gives knowledge to audience members about family dynamics, and Shakespeare’s rendition of themes. Furthermore giving an understanding about the illusions Shakespeare’s canon planted and nurtured in the literary world and others perception. Romeo and Juliet, the firstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagesattention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their love in the beginning borders upon a reality of maturity and immaturity, eventually becoming something of authenticity. Themes running throughout the play address the issues and consequences of immature blind passion, hatred, and prejudice. William Shakespeare was rumored to have been born on April 23 1564; howeverRead MoreShakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay672 Words   |  3 Pagesplay, Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet are portrayed as star-crossed lovers. In the opening scene, the chorus states that Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers from opposing families who were destined to fall in love and eventually die together. Juliet’s parents have the perfect life planned for Juliet. She has the perfect fiancà ©, she was going to have a great family, and live happily until the day she died. But then it was love at first sight for Romeo and Juliet. TheyRead MoreThe Role of Fate in Shakespeares Romeo and Juiliet807 Words   |  3 PagesFate. Who would have guessed that this four letter, one-syllable word would play such a big role in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? Many people believed that it was free choices that led to the tragic ending of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, but it was rea lly fate. When looking up fate using dictionary.com, it says that fate’s something that unavoidably befalls a person; fortune, but in Romeo and Juliet, fate is reality. Perhaps the biggest and most overlooked example of fate was in the Prologue

How To Find A Job Effectively Free Essays

Everyday someone is looking for a job. Whether that person is a recent graduate, a person laid-off from work, or a person that wants a different job, their diligent search turns into a carefully planned search for employment. It is important that a person knows how to search effectively for a job. We will write a custom essay sample on How To Find A Job Effectively or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are three effective ways to look for a job: use a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews. One way a person can look for a job effectively is to use a variety or resources, such as the newspaper, the Internet, or the local Job-Service Agency. The newspaper can be used to help find a job by looking at the job listings in the classified ad sections. The job listings in a newspaper vary depending on what is listed. One can find the classified ads by using the newspaper s index, which is located in the front of the newspaper. Another resource that can be used is the Internet. The Internet contains many search engines that can be used to find a specific job. One can even apply for jobs over the Internet. A person can also use the local Job-Service Agency to find a job. A Job-Service Agency can help the unemployed person find a job in the area where he or she lives. The Job-Service Agency tries to match ones skills with the jobs that are available. Generally, when a person writes a resume, he or she should avoid using the words I and My; be meticulous; and be able to keep track of where one submits his or her resume. Since a resume is about ones work history, the words I and My should not be used. Writing the words I and My for every statement is repetitious and clutters the resume with unnecessary words. It is perfectly acceptable to write a resume with incomplete sentences. A person must also be meticulous and look for errors in the resume. A resume should never be submitted with typos and other blatant mistakes. When a person sends a resume with many mistakes, this implies that one does not pay attention to details or has poor communication skills. In addition, when submitting resumes, it is important to keep track of where they are sent. This is a good idea, so that one does not submit his or her resume more than once at the same place. Being organized is a crucial step in writing and submitting resumes. When going on an interview, attire, body language, and manners count. First impressions are very important. Ones overall appearance is the first thing that an interviewer notices. A person should dress neat and in a professional manner. In addition, one should be aware of his or her body language. Being alert and answering questions in a timely and polite way is important. The tone of voice, posture, and gesture gives clues about ones manners. A positive attitude along with good manners can have a lasting impression. Manners count. No one wants to work with someone who is rude and disrespectful. In summary, if a person uses a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews this will help one effectively find a job. It is essential that a person know how to effectively find a job, so that one becomes successful in his or her search. When a person does know how to find a job effectively, it will be hard for them to find a job. This will often lead to a person not finding a job at all. Therefore, if one uses these three effective ways to search for a job carefully, he or she will have no problem finding a job. How to cite How To Find A Job Effectively, Essay examples

Belize Essay Example For Students

Belize Essay IINTRODUCTION Belize, independent state, northeastern Central America, bounded on the north and northwest by Mexico, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west by Guatemala. Belize, until 1973 known as British Honduras, became independent in 1981 and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The total area of Belize is 22,965 sq km (8867 sq mi). IILAND AND RESOURCES The northern half of Belize consists of lowlands, large areas of which are swampy. The southern half is dominated by mountain ranges, notably the Maya Mountains, which rise to a maximum elevation of 1120 m (3675 ft) atop Victoria Peak. The Caribbean coastline is fringed by coral barrier reefs and numerous cays (islets). The principal streams are the Belize River; the R?o Azul, which forms much of the boundary with Mexico; and the Sarst?n River, which forms the southwestern boundary with Guatemala. The climate of Belize is subtropical, moderated by sea breezes along the coast. The average annual temperature is about 26? C (about 79? F). The total annual rainfall increases from north to south and averages about 1800 mm (about 71 in). A rainy season extends from May to February. Some 86 percent Belize is covered by forests. Deciduous trees are found in the north; tropical hardwood trees predominate in the south. Principal species include the commercially important mahogany, cedar, and rosewood, as well as pine, oak, and palms. Mangrove swamp vegetation is found along the coast. Wildlife includes jaguar, deer, tapir, and numerous species of birds and reptiles. IIIPOPULATION AND EDUCATION The majority of the population of Belize is of mixed racial descent. The largest group is of black or partly black ancestry. Other groups include Native Americans, principally Carib and Mayan, located in the north and west; people of European descent, mainly English and Spanish; and people of mixed Native American-European descent. The population of Belize is 224,663 (1997 estimate). The overall density of 10 persons per sq km (25 per sq mi) is the lowest in Central America. Population is concentrated in a few principal urban centers, of which Belize City (population, 1988 estimate, 49,671) is the largest; it is also the principal port. Belmopan (1988 estimate, 3694), a newly constructed city, supplanted Belize City as the official capital in 1972. English is the official language; other languages spoken include Carib, Mayan, Spanish, and a Creole dialect of English. More than half the people are Roman Catholic, and most of the remainder are Protestant. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 14. In the 1994-1995 school year 51,377 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, and 10,147 students were enrolled in secondary schools. Higher education is available at colleges in Belize City and Corozal. The literacy rate of 91 percent is one of the highest in Latin America. IVGOVERNMENT Belize is governed under a constitution that became effective at independence in 1981. The British sovereign is head of state and is represented by a governor-general, who has little power. Executive power is mainly exercised by a cabinet of ministers, led by a prime minister. The bicameral National Assembly consists of a Senate of 8 appointed members and a House of Representatives of 28 members elected by universal suffrage to terms of up to five years. The prime minister must have the support of a majority of the members of the House. The leading political parties are the Peoples United Party (1950) and the United Democratic Party (1974). VECONOMY The main economic resource is Belizes arable land, although only 3 percent of the total land area is under cultivation. Agricultural exports include sugar, citrus fruits, and bananas. Rice, beans, and corn are grown as subsistence crops. Lumbering, formerly the chief economic activity, has declined in importance. Major manufactures are processed food, wood products, and clothing. A road network of 2248 km (1397 mi) links the major urban centers, but some areas remain inaccessible. An international airport serves Belize City. The unit of currency is the Belize dollar (2 Belize dollars equal U.S.$1; 1996 fixed rate). In 1995 exports earned $139 million, and imports cost $258 million. The governments budget included $133 million in revenue and $180 million in expenditure in 1995. .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .postImageUrl , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:hover , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:visited , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:active { border:0!important; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:active , .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud50d9f3812e23865ee80d18d2493364c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: IT IS A CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT ON NATURE OR NURTURE HAS A MORE PROFOUND EssayVIHISTORY In pre-Columbian times Belize was part of the territory of the Maya. It was included in the viceroyalty of New Spain in the 1500s, and sometime later English woodcutters from Jamaica established a settlement on the Belize River. During the wars between England and Spain in the 1700s, Spain failed to dislodge the British from the area. In 1836, after the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule, the British claimed the right to administer the region; it was declared a British colony, subordinate to Jamaica, in 1862 and an independent crown colony in 1884. Long-range constitutional reforms were initiated by the British in 1954, resulting in a new constitution ten years later. Progress toward independence, however, was hampered by an old Guatemalan claim to sovereignty over the territory. When Belize finally attained full independence on September 21, 1981, Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation; about 1500 British troops remained to protect Belize from the Guatemalan threat. Prime Minister George Price of the United Party, who had led the country to independence, was replaced by Manuel Esquivel when Belize held its first national elections, on December 14, 1984. Price returned to power after the elections of September 1989. In May 1993 the United Kingdom announced that it would end its military involvement in Belize. All British troops would evacuate the country by October 1994. Esquivel regained the prime ministership in June 1993 elections. In July Esquivel announced the suspension of a pact reached with Guatemala during Price s prime ministership, claiming Price had made too many concessions in order to gain Guatemalan recognition. The pact would have resolved a 130-year-old border dispute between the two countries. Geography

Supply of Homes in Sydney and Melbourne †Myassignmentehlp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Supply of Homes in Sydney and Melbourne? Answer: Introduction The article titled Kochie takes aim at the government to fix housing affordability by David and Libby Koch on 21st March 2017 talks about the demand and supply of houses in two largest Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne. Compared to other cities in the Australian, these two major cities are facing housing affordability crisis. The demand for dwellings in these towns is high than the supply a scenario that has led to the price hike. As a result, many individuals are unable to own a home in Sydney and Melbourne. Several factors cause a high demand for houses. For instance, high immigration levels in Sydney and Melbourne has increased the population and hence a strong demand for dwelling units. Moreover, investor activity, from both local and foreign buyers has increased the demand for houses. Statistics shows that the foreigners especially from China, United Kingdom, and India buy approximately 10% of the homes(David; Libby Koch; News Corp Australia Network 2017). David and Libby Koch criticizes some of the government actions of addressing housing affordability as unbalanced since they tend to increase demand and price pressure in real estate market. Instead, the management argue the government to focus on measures that will subdue the demand and at the same time increase in the supply of houses to solve the housing unaffordability in the main Australian cities. Article Analysis Demand for Houses Both Melbourne and Sydney are currently facing high demand for homes compared to other regions in Australia. Population increase is one the factors that can be used to explain this situation. There is high influx of persons both from oversea countries and within Australia to the major cities in search of opportunities a situation that put pressure on accommodation units. Reduction in the cost of borrowing for homes in Australia in the recent years made individuals to increase their demand for houses and hence shortages. Additionally, the investor demand facilitated by the availability of tax concessions has resulted in increased speculative demand among the investors in anticipation of capital gains(Rahman 2010, p. 579). The investors buy houses and retain them waiting for prices to rise to make more profits. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics On the chart above, it is clear that property prices are high in Melbourne and Sydney. In September- December quarter of 2016, the house prices in these cities rose by 5.3% and 5.2% respectively. The annual price increase in Melbourne and Sydney were also higher than other cities, that is, 10.8% and 10.3%(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). Quantity As noted earlier, several factors have contributed to the high demand for dwellings in Melbourne and Sydney. This scenario can be demonstrated by the use of demand and supply model. On graph one above, growth in demand for homes is shown by the shift of demand curve towards right from D1 to D2. The change leads to price hike, from Pe to P1 as well as the number of dwellings required from Qe to Q1. Supply of Homes Shortage of housing units in Australia is a clear indication that the supply is unable to put the rising demand in check. Several factors impede the provision of dwelling units in Australia. Foremost, inadequate provision of essential infrastructures such as roads, water, energy, and sewerage reduces the supply of well-located land to facilitate the delivery of additional homes(Gurran Phibbs 2013, p. 382). The bureaucracy involved in constructions of homes is another hindrance to supply of dwellings. The planning processes and approval of structures are very complex. This situation does not only raise the costs of developing houses but also discourages potential market entrants to the housing industry. Furthermore, zoning and other land use policies introduce compliance costs thus increasing the burden on the property developers who are often faced with financial constraints(Haslam McKenzie Rowley 2013, p. 374). Quantity The decline in the supply of homes in Melbourne and Sydney due to the factors Accounting above is depicted by the change in supply curve leftward from S1 to S2. As the supply shifts, the number of homes provided drops from Qe to Q1. The prices also increase from Pe to P1. Recommendations to the Government Rise in housing unaffordability in the main Australian cities is a sign of market failure. The substitute for owning a house is renting. However, the rents are also on the increase and thus subjecting the consumers to suffering. The low and mid-income families are most the disadvantaged by this market failure. Such individuals will eventually find it hard to leave in the cities they work and even end up residing in substandard shelters. Therefore, the intervention of the government will be essential in making the homes affordable to many in the society. Increasing the supply of homes should be the first step the government should consider since it has control over most of the supply-side factors. For example, the state needs to ensure fair and adequate supply of core infrastructure to facilitate the constructions of new homes. Equal provision of infrastructure and other social amenities will minimize the number of persons moving to Sydney and Melbourne. In the presence of better roads, water and sewerage facilities, the property developers will have an incentive to build more houses. Bureaucracies involved in building planning process should be eliminated to accelerate the constructions approvals. Moreover, tax concessions should be limited to restrict investor activities that increase demand pressure. Conclusion Australian major cities, Sydney and Melbourne, are facing housing affordability crisis. The increase in demand for houses and the incapability of the supply to respond to the rising demand has led to the higher price of dwellings. The demand for homes has been fueled by the low cost of borrowing, elevated levels of immigration and investor activity. On the other hand, the supply is hindered by the complicated planning process, stringent land utilization policies, and inadequate supply of core infrastructure. Since the government has control over the demand and supply side factors, its intervention will be essential in correcting this market failure. Sufficient provision of infrastructure, limiting tax concessions, relaxing land use policies and eliminating bureaucracies are some of the measures that can be used to restore housing affordability. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017, Residential Property Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities, Dec 2016, viewed 11th May 2017, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/510D8915596EEFE9CA257F1B001B0107?Opendocument. David; Libby Koch; News Corp Australia Network 2017, News.com.au, viewed 11th May 2017, https://www.news.com.au/finance/david-and-libby-koch/kochie-takes-aim-at-government-to-fix-housing-affordability/news-story/4e9793b1fdd8ed4ea02ebdaff4719a4d. Gurran, N Phibbs, P 2013, 'Housing supply and urban planning reform: the recent Australian experience, 20032012', International Journal of Housing Policy, vol 13, no. 4, pp. 381-407. Haslam McKenzie, FM Rowley, S 2013, 'Housing Market Failure in a Booming Economy', Housing Studies, pp. 373-388. Rahman, MM 2010, 'The Australian housing market - understanding the causes and effects of rising prices', Policy Studies, pp. 577-590.